Recovery Framework
Barriers to Asset Recovery: An Analysis of the Key Barriers and Recommendations for Action
An analysis of legal, institutional, and operational barriers that can impede international asset recovery, together with recommendations aimed at improving cooperation and results.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2011
Open publication
Forfeiture
Stolen Asset Recovery: A Good Practices Guide for Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture
A practical guide to non-conviction-based forfeiture, including legal design, evidentiary issues, restraint of property, forfeiture proceedings, and international cooperation.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2009
Open publication
Civil Recovery
Public Wrongs, Private Actions: Civil Lawsuits to Recover Stolen Assets
A practitioner-focused examination of civil litigation as a recovery tool, including case strategy, available remedies, evidence, costs, and the practical management of civil claims.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2015
Open publication
Cross-Border / Insolvency
Going for Broke: Insolvency Tools to Support Cross-Border Asset Recovery
A guide to using insolvency law and insolvency representatives as part of cross-border asset recovery, including creditor strategies and coordination with enforcement authorities.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2020
Open publication
Beneficial Ownership
The Puppet Masters: How the Corrupt Use Legal Structures to Hide Stolen Assets and What to Do About It
A detailed study of companies, trusts, foundations, and other legal structures used to obscure ownership and create hidden money trails, with policy and investigative recommendations.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2011
Open publication
Beneficial Ownership
Signatures for Sale: How Nominee Services for Shell Companies Are Abused to Conceal Beneficial Owners
Research on nominee arrangements and professional nominee services, with particular attention to how formal corporate roles can be used to conceal the individuals who actually control an entity.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2022
Open publication
Financial Investigation
Operational Issues — Financial Investigations Guidance
Guidance on the role of financial investigations in anti-money-laundering enforcement, including tracing financial flows, linking assets to conduct, and integrating financial inquiry into broader investigations.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF) · 2012
Open publication
Valuation / Remedies
Identification and Quantification of the Proceeds of Bribery
A technical study of how proceeds can be identified and quantified, the legal remedies available to recover them, and practical methods illustrated with examples from multiple jurisdictions.
OECD / World Bank StAR · 2012
Open publication
Asset Management
Managing Seized and Confiscated Assets: A Guide for Practitioners
A practitioner guide to preserving value and managing seized and confiscated property through the asset recovery lifecycle, including governance, valuation, custody, disposal, and operational planning.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2024
Open publication
Asset Return
A Net for All Fish: Confiscated Asset Returns and the United Nations Convention against Corruption
An analysis of completed confiscated-asset return cases under UNCAC, with practical lessons on the legal mechanisms, arrangements, and cooperation used to return assets across borders.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime · 2023
Open publication
International Cooperation
Guidelines for the Efficient Recovery of Stolen Assets
Step-by-step international good practices covering preliminary review, asset restraint, investigation, timing, legal requirements, direct contacts, communication, parallel investigations, and mutual legal assistance.
Basel Institute on Governance / Swiss FDFA · 2017
Open publication
Evidence / Asset Linkage
From Loss to Gain
A recent StAR publication focused on the evidentiary challenge of linking assets derived from corruption to underlying criminal activity and the practical obstacles that arise when proving that connection.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2025
Open publication
Rights / Procedure
Human Rights in Asset Recovery Processes: Lessons from the ECtHR
A current analysis of asset recovery measures through European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence, with attention to procedural safeguards, punitive and non-punitive measures, and rights considerations.
World Bank / UNODC StAR · 2026
Open publication